Which document indicates what portion of a payment goes to principal versus interest?

The correct choice highlights the role of a payoff schedule or amortization table, as it specifically provides a breakdown of each payment made over the life of a loan, detailing how much of each installment is allocated to the principal balance versus interest. This table is essential for borrowers as it shows the progression of their loan repayment, illustrating how the outstanding principal gradually decreases over time while the interest portion typically fluctuates.

In contrast, a payment letter does not provide this detailed breakdown, and a loan estimate offers an overview of loan terms and costs but does not delve into the specifics of individual payment allocations. A payment disclosure form also does not fulfill this educational role in the same detailed manner as an amortization table, which is designed explicitly to illustrate the changing components of each payment throughout the duration of the loan.