Which of the following can lower the perceived risk for a bank when lending?

A low loan-to-value ratio is considered to lower the perceived risk for a bank when lending because it indicates that the borrower is financing a smaller portion of the property's value through the loan. This means that the bank has more security in the transaction; if the borrower defaults, the bank can recover more of its investment by selling the property. A low ratio suggests that the borrower has a significant equity stake in the property, improving their incentive to maintain payments and avoid foreclosure.

In contrast, a high loan-to-value ratio increases risk, as it implies the borrower is financing a larger portion of the property's value, reducing the equity cushion for the bank. A longer repayment term does not typically address the risk associated with the loan amount relative to the property's value. Lastly, while a recent change in appraisal value might provide context for property valuation, it does not inherently lower the risk associated with the loan amount in relation to the property's worth.